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22.1 EndocrineGlands andHormones22.2 HumanEndocrineSystem22.3 Hormones ofHeart, KidneyandGastrointestinalTract22.4 Mechanism ofHormone Action You have already learnt that the neural system provides apoint-to-point rapid coordination among organs. The neuralcoordination is fast but short-lived. As the nerve fibres do not innervateall cells of the body and the cellular functions need to be continuouslyregulated; a special kind of coordination and…

21.1 Neural System21.2 Human NeuralSystem21.3 Neuron asStructural andFunctional Unitof NeuralSystem21.4 Central NeuralSystem21.5 Reflex Actionand Reflex Arc21.6 SensoryReception andProcessing As you know, the functions of the organs/organ systems in our bodymust be coordinated to maintain homeostasis. Coordination is theprocess through which two or more organs interact and complement thefunctions of one another. For example, when we…

20.1 Types ofMovement20.2 Muscle20.3 Skeletal System20.4 Joints20.5 Disorders ofMuscular andSkeletal System Movement is one of the significant features of living beings. Animals andplants exhibit a wide range of movements. Streaming of protoplasm inthe unicellular organisms like Amoeba is a simple form of movement.Movement of cilia, flagella and tentacles are shown by many organisms.Human beings can…

19.1 HumanExcretorySystem19.2 Urine Formation19.3 Function of theTubules19.4 Mechanism ofConcentration ofthe Filtrate19.5 Regulation ofKidney Function19.6 Micturition19.7 Role of otherOrgans inExcretion19.8 Disorders of theExcretorySystem Animals accumulate ammonia, urea, uric acid, carbon dioxide, waterand ions like Na+, K+, Cl–, phosphate, sulphate, etc., either by metabolicactivities or by other means like excess ingestion. These substances haveto be removed totally…

18.1 Blood18.2 Lymph (TissueFluid)18.3 CirculatoryPathways18.4 DoubleCirculation18.5 Regulation ofCardiac Activity18.6 Disorders ofCirculatorySystem You have learnt that all living cells have to be provided with nutrients, O2and other essential substances. Also, the waste or harmful substancesproduced, have to be removed continuously for healthy functioning oftissues. It is therefore, essential to have efficient mechanisms for themovement of these…

17.1 RespiratoryOrgans17.2 Mechanism ofBreathing17.3 Exchange ofGases17.4 Transport ofGases17.5 Regulation ofRespiration17.6 Disorders ofRespiratorySystem As you have read earlier, oxygen (O2) is utilised by the organisms toindirectly break down simple molecules like glucose, amino acids, fattyacids, etc., to derive energy to perform various activities. Carbon dioxide(CO2) which is harmful is also released during the above catabolicreactions. It…

16.1 DigestiveSystem16.2 Digestion ofFood16.3 Absorption ofDigestedProducts16.4 Disorders ofDigestiveSystem Food is one of the basic requirements of all living organisms. The majorcomponents of our food are carbohydrates, proteins and fats. Vitaminsand minerals are also required in small quantities. Food provides energyand organic materials for growth and repair of tissues. The water we takein, plays an important…

15.1 Growth15.2 Differentiation,DedifferentiationandRedifferentiation15.3 Development15.4 Plant GrowthRegulators15.5 Photoperiodism15.6 Vernalisation You have already studied the organisation of a flowering plant in Chapter 15.1 GROWTHGrowth is regarded as one of the most fundamental and conspicuouscharacteristics of a living being. What is growth? Growth can be definedas an irreversible permanent increase in size of an organ or its parts…

14.1 Do PlantsBreathe?14.2 Glycolysis14.3 Fermentation14.4 AerobicRespiration14.5 The RespiratoryBalance Sheet14.6 AmphibolicPathway14.7 RespiratoryQuotient All of us breathe to live, but why is breathing so essential to life? Whathappens when we breathe? Also, do all living organisms, including plantsand microbes, breathe? If so, how?All living organisms need energy for carrying out daily life activities,be it absorption, transport, movement,…

13.1 What do weKnow?13.2 EarlyExperiments13.3 Where doesPhotosynthesistake place?13.4 How manyPigments areinvolved inPhotosynthesis?13.5 What is LightReaction?13.6 The ElectronTransport13.7 Where are theATP and NADPHUsed?13.8 The C4Pathway13.9 Photorespiration13.10 FactorsaffectingPhotosynthesis All animals including human beings depend on plants for their food. Haveyou ever wondered from where plants get their food? Green plants, in fact,have to make or rather synthesise…