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12.1 Methods toStudy theMineralRequirements ofPlants12.2 EssentialMineralElements12.3 Mechanism ofAbsorption ofElements12.4 Translocation ofSolutes12.5 Soil as Reservoirof EssentialElements12.6 Metabolism ofNitrogen The basic needs of all living organisms are essentially the same. Theyrequire macromolecules, such as carbohydrates, proteins and fats, andwater and minerals for their growth and development.This chapter focusses mainly on inorganic plant nutrition, whereinyou will study the…

11.1 Means ofTransport11.2 Plant-WaterRelations11.3 Long DistanceTransport ofWater11.4 Transpiration11.5 Uptake andTransport ofMineralNutrients11.6 PhloemTransport: Flowfrom Source toSink Have you ever wondered how water reaches the top of tall trees, or for thatmatter how and why substances move from one cell to the other, whetherall substances move in a similar way, in the same direction and whethermetabolic energy…

10.1 Cell Cycle10.2 M Phase10.3 Significance ofMitosis10.4 Meiosis10.5 Significance ofMeiosis Are you aware that all organisms, even the largest, start their life from asingle cell? You may wonder how a single cell then goes on to form suchlarge organisms. Growth and reproduction are characteristics of cells,indeed of all living organisms. All cells reproduce by dividing…

9.1 How to AnalyseChemicalComposition?9.2 Primary andSecondaryMetabolites9.3 Biomacromolecules9.4 Proteins9.5 Polysaccharides9.6 Nucleic Acids9.7 Structure ofProteins9.8 Nature of BondLinking Monomersin a Polymer9.9 Dynamic State ofBody Constituents There is a wide diversity in living organisms in our biosphere. Now aquestion that arises in our minds is: Are all living organisms made of thesame chemicals, i.e., elements and compounds? You…

8.1 What is a Cell?8.2 Cell Theory8.3 An Overview ofCell8.4 Prokaryotic Cells8.5 Eukaryotic Cells When you look around, you see both living and non-living things. Youmust have wondered and asked yourself – ‘what is it that makes anorganism living, or what is it that an inanimate thing does not have whicha living thing has’ ?…

7.1 Animal Tissues7.2 Organ and OrganSystem7.3 Earthworm7.4 Cockroach7.5 Frogs In the preceding chapters you came across a large variety of organisms,both unicellular and multicellular, of the animal kingdom. In unicellularorganisms, all functions like digestion, respiration and reproductionare performed by a single cell. In the complex body of multicellularanimals the same basic functions are carried out…

6.1 The Tissues6.2 The TissueSystem6.3 Anatomy ofDicotyledonousandMonocotyledonousPlants6.4 SecondaryGrowth You can very easily see the structural similarities and variations in theexternal morphology of the larger living organism, both plants andanimals. Similarly, if we were to study the internal structure, one alsofinds several similarities as well as differences. This chapter introducesyou to the internal structure and functional…

5.1 The Root5.2 The Stem5.3 The Leaf5.4 The Inflorescence5.5 The Flower5.6 The Fruit5.7 The Seed5.8 Semi-technicalDescription of aTypicalFlowering Plant5.9 Description ofSome ImportantFamilies The wide range in the structure of higher plants will never fail to fascinateus. Even though the angiosperms show such a large diversity in externalstructure or morphology, they are all characterised by presence…

4.1 Basis ofClassification4.2 Classification ofAnimals When you look around, you will observe different animals with differentstructures and forms. As over a million species of animals have beendescribed till now, the need for classification becomes all the moreimportant. The classification also helps in assigning a systematic positionto newly described species. 4.1 BASIS OF CLASSIFICATIONInspite of differences…

3.1 Algae 3.2 Bryophytes 3.3 Pteridophytes 3.4 Gymnosperms 3.5 Angiosperms 3.6 Plant Life Cyclesand Alternationof Generations In the previous chapter, we looked at the broad classification of livingorganisms under the system proposed by Whittaker (1969) wherein hesuggested the Five Kingdom classification viz. Monera, Protista, Fungi,Animalia and Plantae. In this chapter, we will deal in detail…