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Chapter 13Organisms and Populations Chapter 14Ecosystem Chapter 15Biodiversity and Conservation Chapter 16Environmental Issues Diversity is not only a characteristic of living organisms butalso of content in biology textbooks. Biology is presented eitheras botany, zoology and microbiology or as classical andmodern. The latter is a euphemism for molecular aspects ofbiology. Luckily we have many threads which…

Chapter 11Biotechnology : Principles andProcesses Chapter 12Biotechnology and ItsApplications Ever since the days of Rene Descartes, the French philosopher,mathematician and biologist of seventeenth century, all humanknowledge especially natural sciences were directed to developtechnologies which add to the creature comforts of humanlives, as also value to human life. The whole approach tounderstanding natural phenomena became anthropocentric.Physics…

Chapter 8Human Health and Disease Chapter 9Strategies for Enhancement inFood Production Chapter 10Microbes in Human Welfare Biology is the youngest of the formalised disciplines of naturalscience. Progress in physics and chemistry proceeded muchfaster than in Biology. Applications of physics and chemistry inour daily life also have a higher visibility than those of biology.However, twentieth century…

Chapter 5Principles of Inheritanceand Variation Chapter 6Molecular Basis of Inheritance Chapter 7Evolution The work of Mendel and others who followed him gave us anidea of inheritance patterns. However the nature of those ‘factors’which determine the phenotype was not very clear. As these‘factors’ represent the genetic basis of inheritance, understandingthe structure of genetic material and the…

Chapter 1Reproduction in Organisms Chapter 2Sexual Reproduction inflowering Plants Chapter 3Human Reproduction Chapter 4Reproductive Health Biology in essence is the story of life on earth. While individualorganisms die without fail, species continue to live throughmillions of years unless threatened by natural or anthropogenicextinction. Reproduction becomes a vital process withoutwhich species cannot survive for long. Each…

Chapter 16Digestion and Absorption Chapter 17Breathing and Exchangeof Gases Chapter 18Body Fluids andCirculation Chapter 19Excretory Products andtheir Elimination Chapter 20Locomotion and Movement Chapter 21Neural Control andCoordination Chapter 22Chemical Coordinationand Integration The reductionist approach to study of life forms resulted in increasinguse of physico-chemical concepts and techniques. Majority of thesestudies employed either surviving tissue model or…

Chapter 11Transport in Plants Chapter 12Mineral Nutrition Chapter 13Photosynthesis in HigherPlants Chapter 14Respiration in Plants Chapter 15Plant Growth andDevelopment The description of structure and variation of living organisms over aperiod of time, ended up as two, apparently irreconcilable perspectiveson biology. The two perspectives essentially rested on two levels oforganisation of life forms and phenomena. One…

Chapter 8Cell: The Unit of Life Chapter 9Biomolecules Chapter 10Cell Cycle andCell Division Biology is the study of living organisms. The detailed description oftheir form and appearance only brought out their diversity. It is thecell theory that emphasised the unity underlying this diversity of forms,i.e., the cellular organisation of all life forms. A description of…

Chapter 5Morphology ofFlowering Plants Chapter 6Anatomy of FloweringPlants Chapter 7Structural Organisation inAnimals The description of the diverse forms of life on earth was made only byobservation – through naked eyes or later through magnifying lensesand microscopes. This description is mainly of gross structural features,both external and internal. In addition, observable and perceivableliving phenomena were also…