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15.1 Growth15.2 Differentiation,DedifferentiationandRedifferentiation15.3 Development15.4 Plant GrowthRegulators15.5 Photoperiodism15.6 Vernalisation You have already studied the organisation of a flowering plant in Chapter 15.1 GROWTHGrowth is regarded as one of the most fundamental and conspicuouscharacteristics of a living being. What is growth? Growth can be definedas an irreversible permanent increase in size of an organ or its parts…

14.1 Do PlantsBreathe?14.2 Glycolysis14.3 Fermentation14.4 AerobicRespiration14.5 The RespiratoryBalance Sheet14.6 AmphibolicPathway14.7 RespiratoryQuotient All of us breathe to live, but why is breathing so essential to life? Whathappens when we breathe? Also, do all living organisms, including plantsand microbes, breathe? If so, how?All living organisms need energy for carrying out daily life activities,be it absorption, transport, movement,…

13.1 What do weKnow?13.2 EarlyExperiments13.3 Where doesPhotosynthesistake place?13.4 How manyPigments areinvolved inPhotosynthesis?13.5 What is LightReaction?13.6 The ElectronTransport13.7 Where are theATP and NADPHUsed?13.8 The C4Pathway13.9 Photorespiration13.10 FactorsaffectingPhotosynthesis All animals including human beings depend on plants for their food. Haveyou ever wondered from where plants get their food? Green plants, in fact,have to make or rather synthesise…

12.1 Methods toStudy theMineralRequirements ofPlants12.2 EssentialMineralElements12.3 Mechanism ofAbsorption ofElements12.4 Translocation ofSolutes12.5 Soil as Reservoirof EssentialElements12.6 Metabolism ofNitrogen The basic needs of all living organisms are essentially the same. Theyrequire macromolecules, such as carbohydrates, proteins and fats, andwater and minerals for their growth and development.This chapter focusses mainly on inorganic plant nutrition, whereinyou will study the…

11.1 Means ofTransport11.2 Plant-WaterRelations11.3 Long DistanceTransport ofWater11.4 Transpiration11.5 Uptake andTransport ofMineralNutrients11.6 PhloemTransport: Flowfrom Source toSink Have you ever wondered how water reaches the top of tall trees, or for thatmatter how and why substances move from one cell to the other, whetherall substances move in a similar way, in the same direction and whethermetabolic energy…

10.1 Cell Cycle10.2 M Phase10.3 Significance ofMitosis10.4 Meiosis10.5 Significance ofMeiosis Are you aware that all organisms, even the largest, start their life from asingle cell? You may wonder how a single cell then goes on to form suchlarge organisms. Growth and reproduction are characteristics of cells,indeed of all living organisms. All cells reproduce by dividing…

9.1 How to AnalyseChemicalComposition?9.2 Primary andSecondaryMetabolites9.3 Biomacromolecules9.4 Proteins9.5 Polysaccharides9.6 Nucleic Acids9.7 Structure ofProteins9.8 Nature of BondLinking Monomersin a Polymer9.9 Dynamic State ofBody Constituents There is a wide diversity in living organisms in our biosphere. Now aquestion that arises in our minds is: Are all living organisms made of thesame chemicals, i.e., elements and compounds? You…

8.1 What is a Cell?8.2 Cell Theory8.3 An Overview ofCell8.4 Prokaryotic Cells8.5 Eukaryotic Cells When you look around, you see both living and non-living things. Youmust have wondered and asked yourself – ‘what is it that makes anorganism living, or what is it that an inanimate thing does not have whicha living thing has’ ?…

7.1 Animal Tissues7.2 Organ and OrganSystem7.3 Earthworm7.4 Cockroach7.5 Frogs In the preceding chapters you came across a large variety of organisms,both unicellular and multicellular, of the animal kingdom. In unicellularorganisms, all functions like digestion, respiration and reproductionare performed by a single cell. In the complex body of multicellularanimals the same basic functions are carried out…

6.1 The Tissues6.2 The TissueSystem6.3 Anatomy ofDicotyledonousandMonocotyledonousPlants6.4 SecondaryGrowth You can very easily see the structural similarities and variations in theexternal morphology of the larger living organism, both plants andanimals. Similarly, if we were to study the internal structure, one alsofinds several similarities as well as differences. This chapter introducesyou to the internal structure and functional…