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19.1 HumanExcretorySystem19.2 Urine Formation19.3 Function of theTubules19.4 Mechanism ofConcentration ofthe Filtrate19.5 Regulation ofKidney Function19.6 Micturition19.7 Role of otherOrgans inExcretion19.8 Disorders of theExcretorySystem Animals accumulate ammonia, urea, uric acid, carbon dioxide, waterand ions like Na+, K+, Cl–, phosphate, sulphate, etc., either by metabolicactivities or by other means like excess ingestion. These substances haveto be removed totally…

18.1 Blood18.2 Lymph (TissueFluid)18.3 CirculatoryPathways18.4 DoubleCirculation18.5 Regulation ofCardiac Activity18.6 Disorders ofCirculatorySystem You have learnt that all living cells have to be provided with nutrients, O2and other essential substances. Also, the waste or harmful substancesproduced, have to be removed continuously for healthy functioning oftissues. It is therefore, essential to have efficient mechanisms for themovement of these…

17.1 RespiratoryOrgans17.2 Mechanism ofBreathing17.3 Exchange ofGases17.4 Transport ofGases17.5 Regulation ofRespiration17.6 Disorders ofRespiratorySystem As you have read earlier, oxygen (O2) is utilised by the organisms toindirectly break down simple molecules like glucose, amino acids, fattyacids, etc., to derive energy to perform various activities. Carbon dioxide(CO2) which is harmful is also released during the above catabolicreactions. It…

16.1 DigestiveSystem16.2 Digestion ofFood16.3 Absorption ofDigestedProducts16.4 Disorders ofDigestiveSystem Food is one of the basic requirements of all living organisms. The majorcomponents of our food are carbohydrates, proteins and fats. Vitaminsand minerals are also required in small quantities. Food provides energyand organic materials for growth and repair of tissues. The water we takein, plays an important…

15.1 Growth15.2 Differentiation,DedifferentiationandRedifferentiation15.3 Development15.4 Plant GrowthRegulators15.5 Photoperiodism15.6 Vernalisation You have already studied the organisation of a flowering plant in Chapter 15.1 GROWTHGrowth is regarded as one of the most fundamental and conspicuouscharacteristics of a living being. What is growth? Growth can be definedas an irreversible permanent increase in size of an organ or its parts…

14.1 Do PlantsBreathe?14.2 Glycolysis14.3 Fermentation14.4 AerobicRespiration14.5 The RespiratoryBalance Sheet14.6 AmphibolicPathway14.7 RespiratoryQuotient All of us breathe to live, but why is breathing so essential to life? Whathappens when we breathe? Also, do all living organisms, including plantsand microbes, breathe? If so, how?All living organisms need energy for carrying out daily life activities,be it absorption, transport, movement,…

13.1 What do weKnow?13.2 EarlyExperiments13.3 Where doesPhotosynthesistake place?13.4 How manyPigments areinvolved inPhotosynthesis?13.5 What is LightReaction?13.6 The ElectronTransport13.7 Where are theATP and NADPHUsed?13.8 The C4Pathway13.9 Photorespiration13.10 FactorsaffectingPhotosynthesis All animals including human beings depend on plants for their food. Haveyou ever wondered from where plants get their food? Green plants, in fact,have to make or rather synthesise…

12.1 Methods toStudy theMineralRequirements ofPlants12.2 EssentialMineralElements12.3 Mechanism ofAbsorption ofElements12.4 Translocation ofSolutes12.5 Soil as Reservoirof EssentialElements12.6 Metabolism ofNitrogen The basic needs of all living organisms are essentially the same. Theyrequire macromolecules, such as carbohydrates, proteins and fats, andwater and minerals for their growth and development.This chapter focusses mainly on inorganic plant nutrition, whereinyou will study the…

11.1 Means ofTransport11.2 Plant-WaterRelations11.3 Long DistanceTransport ofWater11.4 Transpiration11.5 Uptake andTransport ofMineralNutrients11.6 PhloemTransport: Flowfrom Source toSink Have you ever wondered how water reaches the top of tall trees, or for thatmatter how and why substances move from one cell to the other, whetherall substances move in a similar way, in the same direction and whethermetabolic energy…

10.1 Cell Cycle10.2 M Phase10.3 Significance ofMitosis10.4 Meiosis10.5 Significance ofMeiosis Are you aware that all organisms, even the largest, start their life from asingle cell? You may wonder how a single cell then goes on to form suchlarge organisms. Growth and reproduction are characteristics of cells,indeed of all living organisms. All cells reproduce by dividing…