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10.1 Cell Cycle10.2 M Phase10.3 Significance ofMitosis10.4 Meiosis10.5 Significance ofMeiosis Are you aware that all organisms, even the largest, start their life from asingle cell? You may wonder how a single cell then goes on to form suchlarge organisms. Growth and reproduction are characteristics of cells,indeed of all living organisms. All cells reproduce by dividing…

9.1 How to AnalyseChemicalComposition?9.2 Primary andSecondaryMetabolites9.3 Biomacromolecules9.4 Proteins9.5 Polysaccharides9.6 Nucleic Acids9.7 Structure ofProteins9.8 Nature of BondLinking Monomersin a Polymer9.9 Dynamic State ofBody Constituents There is a wide diversity in living organisms in our biosphere. Now aquestion that arises in our minds is: Are all living organisms made of thesame chemicals, i.e., elements and compounds? You…

8.1 What is a Cell?8.2 Cell Theory8.3 An Overview ofCell8.4 Prokaryotic Cells8.5 Eukaryotic Cells When you look around, you see both living and non-living things. Youmust have wondered and asked yourself – ‘what is it that makes anorganism living, or what is it that an inanimate thing does not have whicha living thing has’ ?…

7.1 Animal Tissues7.2 Organ and OrganSystem7.3 Earthworm7.4 Cockroach7.5 Frogs In the preceding chapters you came across a large variety of organisms,both unicellular and multicellular, of the animal kingdom. In unicellularorganisms, all functions like digestion, respiration and reproductionare performed by a single cell. In the complex body of multicellularanimals the same basic functions are carried out…

6.1 The Tissues6.2 The TissueSystem6.3 Anatomy ofDicotyledonousandMonocotyledonousPlants6.4 SecondaryGrowth You can very easily see the structural similarities and variations in theexternal morphology of the larger living organism, both plants andanimals. Similarly, if we were to study the internal structure, one alsofinds several similarities as well as differences. This chapter introducesyou to the internal structure and functional…

5.1 The Root5.2 The Stem5.3 The Leaf5.4 The Inflorescence5.5 The Flower5.6 The Fruit5.7 The Seed5.8 Semi-technicalDescription of aTypicalFlowering Plant5.9 Description ofSome ImportantFamilies The wide range in the structure of higher plants will never fail to fascinateus. Even though the angiosperms show such a large diversity in externalstructure or morphology, they are all characterised by presence…

4.1 Basis ofClassification4.2 Classification ofAnimals When you look around, you will observe different animals with differentstructures and forms. As over a million species of animals have beendescribed till now, the need for classification becomes all the moreimportant. The classification also helps in assigning a systematic positionto newly described species. 4.1 BASIS OF CLASSIFICATIONInspite of differences…

3.1 Algae 3.2 Bryophytes 3.3 Pteridophytes 3.4 Gymnosperms 3.5 Angiosperms 3.6 Plant Life Cyclesand Alternationof Generations In the previous chapter, we looked at the broad classification of livingorganisms under the system proposed by Whittaker (1969) wherein hesuggested the Five Kingdom classification viz. Monera, Protista, Fungi,Animalia and Plantae. In this chapter, we will deal in detail…

Chapter 13Organisms and Populations Chapter 14Ecosystem Chapter 15Biodiversity and Conservation Chapter 16Environmental Issues Diversity is not only a characteristic of living organisms butalso of content in biology textbooks. Biology is presented eitheras botany, zoology and microbiology or as classical andmodern. The latter is a euphemism for molecular aspects ofbiology. Luckily we have many threads which…

Chapter 11Biotechnology : Principles andProcesses Chapter 12Biotechnology and ItsApplications Ever since the days of Rene Descartes, the French philosopher,mathematician and biologist of seventeenth century, all humanknowledge especially natural sciences were directed to developtechnologies which add to the creature comforts of humanlives, as also value to human life. The whole approach tounderstanding natural phenomena became anthropocentric.Physics…